Method of safely administering nitrate dietary supplements and compositions

ABSTRACT

A method of making a composition or a dietary supplement is provided, the method comprising combining a quantity of a Nitrate with a quantity of an Amino Acid Compound, wherein the combining of the Nitrate with the Amino Acid Compound reduces a side effect or toxicity of the Nitrate. Also provided is a method of safely administering to a subject a Nitrate with a reduced side effect or toxicity, the method comprising: combining a quantity of the Nitrate with a quantity of an Amino Acid Compound in a composition or a dietary supplement, wherein the combining of the Nitrate with the Amino Acid Compound reduces the side effect or toxicity of the Nitrate; and safely administering to the subject the composition or dietary supplement comprising the Nitrate with the reduced side effect or toxicity.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 14/065,367 to Ronald Kramer et al. entitled “Betaine Compounds” filed on Oct. 28, 2013, which is a continuation of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/468,231 to Ronald Kramer et al. entitled “Amino Acid Compounds” filed on May 10, 2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,569,369, which is a continuation-in-part application of the U.S. Utility Patent Application to Ronald Kramer, et. al. entitled “Amino Acid Compounds,” application Ser. No. 12/946,153, filed Nov. 15, 2010, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,572, which is a continuation application of the earlier U.S. Utility Patent Application to Ronald Kramer, et. al. entitled “Amino Acid Compounds,” application Ser. No. 12/336,938, filed Dec. 17, 2008, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,034,836, which is a continuation application of the earlier U.S. Utility Patent Application to Ronald Kramer, et. al. entitled “Amino Acid Compounds,” application Ser. No. 11/950,273, filed Dec. 4, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,777,074, which application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S. Provisional Patent Application 60/973,229 entitled “Amino Acid Compounds” to Ronald Kramer, et. al., filed on Sep. 18, 2007. Each of the foregoing applications is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

Aspects of this document relate generally to methods of making and safely administering to a subject dietary supplements and compositions comprising a Nitrate and/or a Nitrite. The disclosed methods allow the subject to enjoy the benefits provided by the Nitrate and/or a Nitrite while experiencing reduced side effects or toxicity.

Background

Nitrate and nitrite salts have generally been considered unsafe for human consumption except in very small quantities. These salts and their ions have been reported to have a number of undesirable side effects. In one report, the authors note, “The nitrate ion is irritating to the GI tract, causing nausea and gastric distress. Also, intestinal bacteria may convert the nitrate ion to nitrite which oxidizes hemoglobin to methemoglobin.” See Berge et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts,” Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 66(1):1-18 (1977).

Another report observed that “other health effects that are possibly associated with nitrate exposure in children, [include] increased incidence of childhood diabetes, recurrent diarrhea, and recurrent respiratory tract infections. Other reported effects of chronic exposure reported in adults include frequent urination and spleen hemorrhaging (bleeding). Acute high dose ingestion exposure to nitrates can cause abdominal pain, muscle weakness, blood in stools and urine, fainting, and death.” See “Nitrates and Nitrites, TEACH Chemical Summary, U.S. EPA, Toxicity and Exposure Assessment for Children's Health,” published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency on May 22, 2007 (citations omitted).

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established strict limits on the amount of potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite that may be used as food preservatives. By law, potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and sodium nitrite when used as food additives may not exceed 200 parts per million, 500 parts per million, and 200 parts per million, respectively. See 21 C.F.R. (I)(B) §§ 172.160 and 172.170.

Other governmental agencies have also set limits on the amount of nitrates and nitrites that can safely be consumed. A recent report notes, “The Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization and the European Commission's Scientific Committee on Food have set an acceptable daily intake (ADI) for nitrate of 0-3.7 milligrams (mg) nitrate ion/kilogram (kg) body weight. This intake appears to be safe for healthy neonates, children, and adults. The same is also true of the EPA reference dose (RfD) for nitrate of 1.6 mg nitrate nitrogen/kg body weight per day (equivalent to about 7.0 mg nitrate ion/kg body weight per day).” See “ATSDR Case Studies in Environmental Medicine Nitrate/Nitrite Toxicity” published by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services on Dec. 5, 2013.

Very few vitamin supplements contain nitrate. One of these, thiamine mononitrate, has a recommended daily allowance of 1.5 mg for adults, which results in less that 1 mg of nitrate when ingested. See “ORA Laboratory Manual, Volume IV, Section 11-Nutrient Analysis” published by the FDA Office of Regulatory Affairs on Feb. 22, 2013.

Because of the side effects and toxicity of nitrates and nitrites, these potential dietary sources of nitrogen and nitric oxide have not been available in the past. It is desirable to provide methods of safely administering to a subject dietary supplements and compositions comprising a nitrate or a nitrite so that the subject may enjoy the health benefits of the nitrate or nitrite without suffering the undesirable side effects or toxicity previously associated with these salts.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a method of making a composition or a dietary supplement is disclosed. The method comprises combining a quantity of a Nitrate with a quantity of an Amino Acid Compound, wherein the combining of the Nitrate with the Amino Acid Compound reduces a side effect or toxicity of the Nitrate. In certain implementations, the quantity of the Amino Acid Compound may be greater than, about the same as, or less than the quantity of the Nitrate.

The side effect to be reduced may be one or more selected from the group consisting of nausea, gastric distress, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and methemoglobinemia.

The Amino Acid Compound may be selected from the group consisting of Agmatine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Beta Alanine, Betaine, Carnitine, Citrulline, Creatine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Norvaline, Phenylalanine, Phenyl-Beta-Alanine, Ornithine, Proline, Taurine, Tyrosine, and Valine. The composition or dietary supplement may be in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of a capsule, a cachet, a pill, a tablet, a powder, a granule, a pellet, a bead, a particle, a troche, a lozenge, a gel, a liquid, a suspension, a solution, an elixir, and a syrup.

The composition or dietary supplement may further include one or more additional components. The one or more additional components may be a carrier, an excipient, a binder, a colorant, a flavoring agent, a preservative, a buffer, a dilutant, and/or combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the composition or dietary supplement may further comprises a quantity of ascorbic acid. In some implements, that quantity of ascorbic acid is about 30 to 500 mg.

In certain aspects, the composition or dietary supplement provides an effective dose of about 10 mg of the Nitrate or Nitrite to about 10,000 mg of the Nitrate or any range falling within about 10 mg to about 10,000 mg, for example, about 10 mg to about 5,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 1,000 mg, about 10 mg to about 750 mg, about 50 mg to about 500 mg, etc. In some implementations, the composition or dietary supplement has no observable side effect or toxicity at the effective dose.

Also disclosed is a method of safely administering to a subject a Nitrate with a reduced side effect or toxicity, the method comprising: combining a quantity of the Nitrate with a quantity of an Amino Acid Compound in a composition or a dietary supplement, wherein the combining of the Nitrate with the Amino Acid Compound reduces the side effect or toxicity of the Nitrate; and safely administering to the subject the composition or dietary supplement comprising the Nitrate with the reduced side effect or toxicity.

In some implementations, the method of safely administering to a subject a Nitrate with a reduced side effect or toxicity is accomplished wherein the Nitrate is administered in an effective amount to prevent the development of nitrate tolerances, to increase bioabsorption of amino acids, to increase the vasodilative characteristics of amino acids, or to increase athletic performance and conditioning.

The foregoing and other aspects, features, and advantages will be apparent to those artisans of ordinary skill in the art from the DESCRIPTION and from the CLAIMS.

DESCRIPTION Terminology and Definitions

In describing implementations of an Amino Acid Compound and Composition, the following terminology will be used in accordance with the definitions and explanations set out below. Notwithstanding, other terminology, definitions, and explanations may be found throughout this document, as well.

As used herein, “Amino Acid” is a term used in its broadest sense and may refer to an Amino Acid in its many different chemical forms including a single administration Amino Acid, its physiologically active salts or esters, its combinations with its various salts, its tautomeric, polymeric and/or isomeric forms, its analog forms, its derivative forms, its products of biosynthesis, and/or its decarboxylation products. Amino Acids are compounds containing both a carboxyl group and an amino group with the basic formula X—R, wherein X is:

Amino Acids typically differ from one another with respect to the structure of the R group. It is the structure of the R group that typically determines the individuality and character of each Amino Acid. Amino Acids comprise, by way of non-limiting example: Agmatine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Beta Alanine, Betaine, Carnitine, Citrulline, Creatine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Norvaline, Phenylalanine, Phenyl-Beta-Alanine, Ornithine, Proline, Taurine, Tyrosine, and Valine.

For example, the R group for the Amino Acid Arginine is:

Arginine is characterized as a nonessential Amino Acid. Specifically, Arginine can be independently manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained directly through dietary intake. Arginine plays a significant role in healing, cell division, immune function, the elimination of ammonia from the body, and in the release of hormones. Arginine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement Arginine production in the body. Arginine is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to boost Human Growth Hormone (HGH) production, increase vasodilation, enhance blood circulation, increase oxygen flow to the muscles, and boost Nitric Oxide (NO) production. Various supplemental Arginine forms are available in the consumer marketplace.

The vasodilating effect of ingested Arginine takes considerable time to manifest since Arginine requires extensive metabolism to yield Nitric Oxide (NO). Additionally, considerable amounts of Arginine are required to produce a significant vasodilating effect, with common doses ranging from eight to twenty-four grams per day.

The R group for the Amino Acid Citrulline is:

Citrulline is an alpha-Amino Acid naturally occurring in the human body, and does not need to be obtained directly through dietary intake. In vivo, Citrulline is made from the Amino Acid Ornithine, along with carbamoyl phosphate in one of the central reactions in the Urea Cycle. Citrulline is also produced during the metabolism of Arginine in the body. Citrulline is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement Citrulline production in the body. By itself, Citrulline has no vasodilating properties. Citrulline is also water insoluble, which reduces its bioavailability and limits the forms in which Citrulline may be effectively used.

The R group for the Amino Acid Creatine is:

Creatine is a nonessential Amino Acid and is also a nitrogenous organic acid. Creatine is independently manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained directly through dietary intake. Creatine plays a significant role in providing muscles with energy. Creatine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement Creatine production in the body. Creatine is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to increase muscle-mass gains, improve athletic performance and strength. Creatine, by itself, has no vasodilating properties. Creatine is also water insoluble, which reduces its bioavailability and limits the forms in which Creatine may be effectively used.

The R group for the Amino Acid Glutamine is:

Glutamine is a nonessential Amino Acid. Glutamine is the most abundant naturally occurring, non-essential amino acid in the human body and is found circulating in the blood, as well as stored in the skeletal muscles. Glutamine plays a significant role in protein synthesis, muscle growth, and wound healing. Glutamine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement Glutamine production in the body. Glutamine is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to maintain the body's Glutamine pool. Glutamine, by itself, has no vasodilating properties. Glutamine is also water insoluble, which reduces its bioavailability and limits the forms in which Glutamine may be effectively used. Additionally, Glutamine inhibits Nitric Acid (NO) production through downregulation of eNOS synthase.

The R group for the Amino Acid Leucine is:

Leucine is an essential Amino Acid, meaning that Leucine is not synthesized in vivo in animals. Accordingly, Leucine must be ingested, usually as a component of proteins consumed directly through dietary intake. Leucine plays a significant role in muscle protein synthesis. Leucine can also inhibit protein degradation in skeletal muscle, as well as in the liver. Leucine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement dietary Leucine sources. Leucine is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to promote anabolism and stimulate muscle protein synthesis. Leucine, by itself, has no vasodilating properties. Leucine is also water insoluble, which reduces its bioavailability and limits the forms in which Leucine may be effectively used.

The R group for the Amino Acid Norvaline is:

Norvaline is a nonessential Amino Acid. Specifically, Norvaline can be independently manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained directly through dietary intake. Norvaline is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement Norvaline production in the body. Norvaline is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to inhibit the enzyme arginase and thus reduce the conversion of Arginine to urea. Norvaline, by itself, has no vasodilating properties, although it enhances the vasodilating properties of Arginine. Norvaline is also water insoluble, which reduces its bioavailability and limits the forms in which Norvaline may be effectively used.

The R group for the Amino Acid Ornithine is:

Ornithine is a non-essential Amino Acid. That is, Ornithine is independently manufactured by the human body, and does not need to be obtained directly through dietary intake. Ornithine plays a significant role in the synthesis of polyamines, specifically via the action of Ornithine decarboxylase. Ornithine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement dietary Ornithine sources. Ornithine is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to enhance the vasodilating properties in a series of products commonly known as “NO Boosters.” Ornithine exerts its vasodilating effect only by in vivo conversion to Arginine and then by following the pathway that converts Arginine to Nitric Acid (NO). Many grams of Ornithine, and a considerable amount of time, are required in order to assert its vasodilating effect.

The R group for the Amino Acid Histidine is:

Histidine is a naturally-occurring Amino Acid and is coded for in DNA. Relatively small shifts in cellular pH will change the electrical charge of Histidine. For this reason, Histidine finds its way into considerable use as a coordinating ligand in metalloproteins, and also as a catalytic site in certain enzymes. Histidine is currently used in the dietary supplement industry to support carnosine production. Histidine, by itself, has no vasodilating properties. Additionally, Histidine is very poorly water soluble, a fact that limits its bioavailability and utility. Histidine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry in the forms of single administration Histidine and Histidine HCl.

The R group for the Amino Acid Beta Alanine is:

Beta Alanine is the only naturally-occurring Beta Amino Acid. A Beta Amino Acid is one in which the Amino group is located at the beta position (i.e. two atoms away) from the Carboxyl group. Beta Alanine is formed in vivo through the degradation of dihydrouracil and carnosine. Beta Alanine is the rate-limiting precursor of carnosine. Therefore, carnosine levels are limited by the amount of available Beta Alanine. Beta Alanine, by itself, has no vasodilating properties. Additionally, Beat Alanine is poorly water soluble, which limits its bioavailability and utility. Beta Alanine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to support carnosine production.

The chemical structure of Agmatine is:

Agmatine is the decarboxylation product of the Amino Acid Arginine and is an intermediate in polyamine biosynthesis. Agmatine is synthesized in the brain and stored in synaptic vesicles in regionally selective neurons. Agmatine is released by depolarization and is inactivated by agmatinase. Agmatine binds to alpha2-adrenoceptors and imidazoline binding sites. Agmatine likewise blocks N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor channels and other ligand-gated cationic channels. Additionally, agmatine inhibits nitric oxide synthase, and induces the release of some peptide hormones. Agmatine modulates nitric oxide through various mechanisms. Agmatine stimulates some types of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) while inhibiting others. Agmatine inhibits Nitric Oxide production by inhibiting NOS. Agmatine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry in the forms of single administration Agmatine and Agmatine Sulfate.

In addition, many Amino Acid derivatives and products of Amino Acid biosynthesis themselves may have biological and physiological effects.

For example, Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound biosynthesized from the amino acids lysine and methionine. Acetyl-L-Carnitine is an alternative form of carnitine with an acetyl group coupled with the hydroxyl group of the third carbon molecule. Propionyl-L-carnitine is another alternative form of carnitine that contains a propionyl group coupled with the third carbon molecule. The chemical structures of Carnitine, Acetyl-L-Carnitine, and

Propionyl-L-carnitine are as follows:

Significantly, neither carnitine nor its alternative forms possess vasodilating properties. In addition, since carnitine and its alternative forms are bipolar molecules, their solubility might be lowered with respect to pH. Carnitine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement Carnitine production in the body. Carnitine is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to improve athletic performance, enhance mood, and boost immune response. Various supplemental Carnitine forms are available in the consumer marketplace.

As another example, Taurine is a derivative of the sulfur-containing amino acid Cysteine. Taurine by itself has no vasodilating properties. Taurine is presently used in the dietary supplement industry to supplement Taurine production in the body. Taurine is also presently used in the dietary supplement industry to improve athletic performance and resist muscle cramps. Various supplemental Taurine forms are available in the consumer marketplace, including many sports supplements and energy drinks.

As still another example, Betaine (also known as Trimethyl Glycine, 2-trimethylammonioacetate, glycine betaine, betaine anhydrous, and N,N,N-trimethylglycine) is a derivative of Glycine. Betaine is an N-trimethylated amino acid. This quaternary ammonium exists as the zwitterion at neutral pH. Betaine can be easily produced by mixing Glycine with methyl iodide. The structure of Betaine is:

As used herein, “Composition” is a term used in its broadest sense and may refer to a mixture of constituent substances or ingredients. “Mixture” is a term used in its broadest sense and may refer to two or more constituent substances or ingredients (chemical species present in a system), which have been combined (not necessarily in fixed proportions and not necessarily with chemical bonding and not necessarily so that each substance retains its own chemical identity). Mixtures can be the product of a blending or mixing of chemical substances like elements and compounds, without chemical bonding or other chemical change, so that each ingredient substance retains its own chemical properties and makeup. Mixtures can be either homogeneous or heterogeneous. A homogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition is uniform. A heterogeneous mixture is a type of mixture in which the composition can easily be identified, as there are two or more phases present. A homogeneous mixture in which there is both a solute and solvent present is also a solution. Thus, for purposes of this disclosure, “Composition” may refer to a mixture of at least one Amino Acid in combination with at least a Nitrate, a Nitrite, or both from any source.

A “Compound” is a term used in its broadest sense and may refer to a chemical substance comprising two or more different chemically bonded chemical constituent elements or ingredients, with a fixed ratio or proportion by weight. The atoms within a compound can be held together by a variety of interactions, ranging from covalent bonds to electrostatic forces in ionic bonds. The physical and chemical properties of compounds are different from those of their constituent elements. This is one of the main criteria for distinguishing a compound from a mixture of elements or other substances because a mixture's properties are generally closely related to and dependent on the properties of its constituents. However, some mixtures are so intimately combined that they have some properties similar to compounds. Another criterion for distinguishing a compound from a mixture is that the constituents of a mixture can usually be separated by simple, mechanical means such as filtering, evaporation, or use of a magnetic force, but the components of a compound can only be separated by a chemical reaction. Conversely, mixtures can be created by mechanical means alone, but a compound can only be created (either from elements or from other compounds, or a combination of the two) by a chemical reaction. Thus as used herein, “Compound” may refer to an Amino Acid in combination with one of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

As used herein, “Nitrate” is a term used in its broadest sense and may refer to an Nitrate in its many different chemical forms including a salt of Nitric Acid, a single administration Nitrate, its physiologically active salts or esters, its combinations with its various salts, its tautomeric, polymeric and/or isomeric forms, its analog forms, and/or its derivative forms. Nitrate comprises, by way of non-limiting example, many different chemical forms including dinitrate and trinitrate. Nitrates may be salts, or mixed salts, of Nitric Acid (HNO₃) and comprise one Nitrogen atom and three Oxygen atoms (NO₃). For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, Nitrate may comprise salts of Nitrate such as sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, barium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and the like. For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, Nitrate may include mixed salts of Nitrate such as nitrate orotate, and the like. Furthermore, for the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, nitrates that are commonly used in supplement industry are appropriate sources of nitrates, such as juice, extract, powder and the like of Cabbage, Spinach, Beetroot, Artichoke, Asparagus, Broad Bean, Eggplant, Garlic, Onion, Green Bean, Mushroom, Pea, Pepper, Potato, Summer Squash, Sweet Potato, Tomato, Watermelon, Broccoli, Carrot, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Chicory, Dill, Turnip, Savoy Cabbage, Celeriac, Chinese Cabbage, Endive, Fennel, Kohlrabi, Leek, Parsley, Celery, Cress, Chervil, Lettuce, Rocket (Rucola), and the like.

As used herein, “Nitrite” is a term used in its broadest sense and may refer to an Nitrite in its many different chemical forms including a salt of Nitrous Acid, a single administration Nitrite, its physiologically active salts or esters, its combinations with its various salts, its tautomeric, polymeric and/or isomeric forms, its analog forms, and its derivative forms. Nitrite comprises, by way of non-limiting example, many different chemical forms including dinitrite and trinitrite. Nitrites may be salts, or mixed salts, of Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) and comprise one Nitrogen atom and two Oxygen atoms (NO₂). For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, Nitrite may comprise salts of Nitrite such as sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, barium nitrite, calcium nitrite, and the like. For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, Nitrite may comprise mixed salts of Nitrite such as nitrite orotate, and the like. Additionally, for the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, Nitrite may comprise nitrite esters such as amyl nitrite, and the like. Furthermore, for the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, natural sources of Nitrites that are commonly used in supplement industry are appropriate sources of Nitrites, such as juice, extract, powder and the like of Cabbage, Spinach, Beetroot, Artichoke, Asparagus, Broad Bean, Eggplant, Garlic, Onion, Green Bean, Mushroom, Pea, Pepper, Potato, Summer Squash, Sweet Potato, Tomato, Watermelon, Broccoli, Carrot, Cauliflower, Cucumber, Pumpkin, Chicory, Dill, Turnip, Savoy Cabbage, Celeriac, Chinese Cabbage, Endive, Fennel, Kohlrabi, Leek, Parsley, Celery, Cress, Chervil, Lettuce, Rocket (Rucola), and the like.

Nitrates and Nitrites are commercially available in various preparations and are used in various commercial applications. In the case of ingestion by humans, Nitrate (NO₃) is typically reduced to Nitrite (NO₂) in the epithelial cells of blood vessels. In vivo, Nitrite (NO₂) reacts with a thiol donor, principally glutathione, to yield Nitric Oxide (NO).

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable additive” or “additive” are terms used in their broadest sense. Particular implementations of the compositions described in this document may also comprise an additive (e.g. one of a solubilizer, an enzyme inhibiting agent, an anticoagulant, an antifoaming agent, an antioxidant, a coloring agent, a coolant, a cryoprotectant, a hydrogen bonding agent, a flavoring agent, a plasticizer, a preservative, a sweetener, a thickener, and combinations thereof) and/or a carrier (e.g. one of an excipient, a lubricant, a binder, a disintegrator, a diluent, an extender, a solvent, a suspending agent, a dissolution aid, an isotonization agent, a buffering agent, a soothing agent, an amphipathic lipid delivery system, and combinations thereof). These additives may be solids or liquids, and the type of additive may be generally chosen based on the type of administration being used. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to readily select suitable pharmaceutically effective additives from the disclosure in this document. In particular implementations, pharmaceutically acceptable additives may include, by non-limiting example, calcium phosphate, cellulose, stearic acid, croscarmelose cellulose, magnesium stearate, and silicon dioxide.

As used in this document, “pharmaceutically effective” is a phrase used in its broadest sense, including, by non-limiting example, effective in a clinical trial, for a specific patient, or only placebo-effective.

As used in this document, “pharmaceutically acceptable” is a phrase used in its broadest sense and may describe ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition that meet Food and Drug Administration (FDA) standards, United States Pharmacopeial Standards (USP), US Department of Agriculture (USDA) standards for food-grade materials, commonly accepted standards of the nutritional supplement industry, industry standards, botanical standards, or standards established by any individual. These standards may delineate acceptable ranges of aspects of ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition such as edibility, toxicity, pharmacological effect, or any other aspect of a chemical, composition, or preparation used in implementations of a pharmaceutical composition.

As used herein, the term “subject” or “patient” refers to any vertebrate including, without limitation, humans and other primates (e.g., chimpanzees and other apes and monkey species), farm animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses), domestic mammals (e.g., dogs and cats), laboratory animals (e.g., rodents such as mice, rats, and guinea pigs), and birds (e.g., domestic, wild and game birds such as chickens, turkeys and other gallinaceous birds, ducks, geese, and the like). In some implementations, the subject may be a mammal. In other implementations, the subject may be a human.

Compounds/Compositions

A first implementation is an Arginine compound of the formula:

wherein: R is the Arginine group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Arginine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Arginine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Arginine Dinitrate or Arginine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation may comprise using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Arginine Nitrite. Arginine Nitrite has the same effects as Arginine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Arginine Nitrate-Orotate.

A second implementation is a Citrulline compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Citrulline group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Citrulline Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Citrulline, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Citrulline Dinitrate or Citrulline Trinitrate. An alternative implementation may comprise using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Citrulline Nitrite. Citrulline Nitrite has the same effects as Citrulline Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Citrulline Nitrate-Orotate.

A third implementation is a Creatine compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Creatine group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Creatine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Creatine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Creatine Dinitrate or Creatine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation may comprise using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Creatine Nitrite. Creatine Nitrite has the same effects as Creatine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Creatine Nitrate-Orotate.

A fourth implementation is a Glutamine compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Glutamine group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Glutamine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Glutamine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Glutamine Dinitrate or Glutamine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Glutamine Nitrite. Glutamine Nitrite has the same effects as Glutamine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Glutamine Nitrate-Orotate.

A fifth implementation is a Leucine compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Leucine group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Leucine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Leucine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Leucine Dinitrate or Leucine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises substituting the Amino Acids Valine or Isoleucine for Leucine. Another alternative implementation comprises substituting Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) for Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Leucine Nitrite. Leucine Nitrite has the same effects as Leucine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Leucine Nitrate-Orotate.

A sixth implementation is a Norvaline compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Norvaline group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Norvaline Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Norvaline, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Norvaline Dinitrate or Norvaline Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises substituting Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) for Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Norvaline Nitrite. Norvaline Nitrite has the same effects as Norvaline Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Norvaline Nitrate-Orotate.

A seventh implementation is an Ornithine compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Ornithine group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Ornithine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Ornithine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Ornithine Dinitrate or Ornithine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Ornithine Nitrite. Ornithine Nitrite has the same effects as Ornithine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Ornithine Nitrate-Orotate.

An eighth implementation is a Histidine compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Histidine group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Histidine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Histidine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Histidine Dinitrate or Histidine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Histidine Nitrite. Histidine Nitrite has the same effects as Histidine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Histidine Nitrate-Orotate.

A ninth implementation is a Beta Alanine compound of the formula:

wherein; R is the Beta Alanine group identified and defined above; X is the Amino Acid base identified and defined above; and Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Beta Alanine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Beta Alanine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Beta Alanine Dinitrate or Beta Alanine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Beta Alanine Nitrite. Beta Alanine Nitrite has the same effects as Beta Alanine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Beta Alanine Nitrate-Orotate.

A tenth implementation is an Agmatine compound of the formula:

wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Agmatine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Agmatine, mixing with water or another polar, easily evaporated solvent like methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Agmatine Dinitrate or Agmatine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Agmatine Nitrite. Agmatine Nitrite has the same effects as Agmatine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Agmatine Nitrate-Orotate.

An eleventh implementation is a Carnitine compound of the formula:

wherein; Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Carnitine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Carnitine, mixing with water, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Carnitine Dinitrate or Carnitine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation may comprise using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Carnitine Nitrite. Carnitine Nitrite has the same effects as Carnitine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO—). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Carnitine Nitrate-Orotate. In addition, it will be understood that alternative implementations comprising Acetyl-L-Carnitine and/or Propionyl-L-carnitine in combination with one of a Nitrate and a Nitrite are likewise possible in accordance with these disclosures.

A twelfth implementation is a Taurine compound of the formula:

wherein; Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Taurine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Taurine, mixing with water, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Taurine Dinitrate or Taurine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation may comprise using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Taurine Nitrite. Taurine Nitrite has the same effects as Taurine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Taurine Nitrate-Orotate.

A thirteenth implementation is a Betaine compound of the formula:

wherein; Y is selected from the group consisting of a Nitrate and a Nitrite.

Applicants have cost-effectively synthesized Betaine Nitrate by combining nitric acid and Betaine, mixing with water, and leaving to crystallize. Further nitratization can take place, yielding Betaine Dinitrate or Betaine Trinitrate. An alternative implementation comprises using Nitrous Acid (HNO₂) instead of Nitric Acid (HNO₃), thus yielding Betaine Nitrite. Betaine Nitrite has the same effects as Betaine Nitrate, the only difference being that it requires one less step to yield Nitric Oxide (NO⁻). Mixed salts may also be used, such as in the non-limiting example of Betaine Nitrate-Orotate.

Other implementations involve compositions instead of compounds. Using an independent source of nitrates and/or nitrites that is mixed with any of the amino acids disclosed in this document to form a composition can obtain substantially the same effects as the amino acid nitrate or nitrite compounds discussed in this document.

Such an amino acid composition might be depicted by the formula X—R+Y. “X—R” represents an amino acid as discussed previously and “Y” represents a Nitrate and/or Nitrite. But instead of forming a compound, they are mixed together (represented by the “+”) to form a composition.

For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, following is a variety of specific examples of amino acid compositions.

Composition 1: Creatine Nitrate 100-1000 mg in capsules. Dosage is 3 capsules twice daily.

Composition 2 (Powder Form): Serving Size: 4 grams. Creatine Nitrate 3-3.5 grams. Vitamin C 500-1000 mg.

Composition 3 (Sports Drink): 0.5-3 grams Arginine Nitrate. 0.5-2 grams Taurine. 1-3 grams Sugar or appropriate Sweetener. Artificial Coloring. Purified Water till 500 ml of total Volume.

Composition 4 (sublingual tablets; amounts are per tablet): Agmatine Nitrate 10-100 mg. Maltulose 200 mg. Artificial Cherry Flavor. Melt Maltulose, add in slowly the Agmatine Nitrate and the flavor, and pour in the tablet machine.

Composition 5 (Tablets Containing Arginine and Potassium Nitrate for Blood Pressure support). Per tablet: Arginine 250-700 mg. Potassium Nitrate 50-500 mg. Corn Starch till the desired volume for the tablet machine is obtained.

Composition 6 (for healthy blood pressure support): 500-1000 mg Arginine (As arginine nitrate)+250-500 mg Celery Seed Extract+100-300 mg Dried Garlic Powder in airseal Capsules.

Composition 7 (For improved Sexual Performance): 500-1000 mg grams Agmatine+1-2 grams D-aspartic Acid (as D-Aspartic Acid Nitrate)+1-2 grams dried onion powder (onion also increases testosterone) in capsules.

Composition 8 (Improved Strength): Creatine (As Creatine Malate) 2-3 grams and Calcium Nitrate 500 mg.

Composition 9 (Improved Muscle Endurance Sports Drink): Beta Alanine 1-2 grams+Citrulline (As Citrulline Nitrate) 250-500 mg+Potassium Nitrate 100-200 mg+Sodium Nitrate 50-100 mg+Magnesium Nitrate 200 mg Artificial Coloring Sweetener and flavor Purified Water till 500 ml.

Composition 10 (Improved Muscle anabolism and recovery): Leucine 1-5 grams, Isoleucine 1-2 grams, Valine 1-2 grams, and Spinach Extract (Standardized for nitrate content and ecdysterone content minimum 1% and 10% respectively) 5 grams.

Composition 11 (Improved Mental Performance): 500-1000 mg Tyrosine+250-500 mg Phenylalanine (as Phenylalanine Nitrate)+1000-2000 mg Glycine+200-300 mg Lithium Nitrate+300-600 mg Histidine In Time Release Tablets.

Composition 12 (Growth Hormone Support): Arginine 2-4 grams+Ornithine 1-2 grams+Magnesium Nitrate 500 mg.

Composition 13 (Hair Growth Support As External Use Cream): Lysine Nitrite 1 gram, Hydroxyproline Nitrate 5 grams, Methionine nitrate 5 grams, and Euserine Cream Base 100 grams.

Composition 14 (Immune Support effervescent tabs): Glutamine 400-800 mg, Histidine (As histidine nitrate) 250-500 mg, Cysteine (As N-Acetyl Cysteine) 200-300 mg, and Parsley Powder (Standardized for Vitamin C and nitrate) 125-250 mg.

Accordingly, Nitrates and Nitrites may be administered as a supplement with reduced side effects when the Nitrate and/or Nitrite is administered with an Amino Acid Compound. For example, the side effects of ingesting additional Nitrates or Nitrites that may be reduced when the Nitrates and/or Nitrites are administered with an Amino Acid Compound include nausea, gastric distress, gastric ulcer, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and methemoglobinemia. Non-limiting examples of the Amino Acid Compound include Agmatine, Arginine, Asparagine, Aspartic Acid, Beta Alanine, Betaine, Carnitine, Citrulline, Creatine, Cysteine, Glutamine, Glutamic Acid, Glycine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Norvaline, Phenylalanine, Phenyl-Beta-Alanine, Ornithine, Proline, Taurine, Tyrosine, and Valine.

In some implementations, administration of Nitrates or Nitrates with an Amino Acid Compound may be through a composition or dietary supplement, wherein a quantity of the Nitrate and/or Nitrite is combined with a quantity of an Amino Acid Compound in a composition or a dietary supplement. In some embodiments, the composition or dietary supplement may further comprise an antioxidant such as ascorbic acid, for example, 30 mg to 500 mg. To reduce the side effects of Nitrates and Nitrates, the quantity of the Amino Acid Compound should be about the same or greater than the quantity of the Nitrates and/or Nitrites. In some implementations, an isomolar ratio of the Nitrates and/or Nitrites and the Amino Acid Compound is used in the composition or the dietary supplement. However, at least 30% (mole percent) up to at least 50% (mole percent) of the composition or dietary supplement may be the Amino Acid Compound.

For basic Amino Acid Compounds, such as Arginine, Histidine, and Lysine, the molar ratio of the Amino Acid Compound to the Nitrates and/or Nitrites may be about 1:2. In some implementations where the Amino Acid Compound is basic, at least 15% (mole percent) or at least 25% (mole percent) of the composition or dietary supplement may be the Amino Acid Compound.

In some aspects of administering Nitrates and/or Nitrites with an Amino Acid Compound, about 10 mg of the Nitrate and/or Nitrite to about 10,000 mg of the Nitrate and/or Nitrite may be administered with no observable side effects or toxicity.

Compounds, compositions and/or formulations may be administered in any form, including one of a capsule, a cachet, a pill, a tablet, a powder, a granule, a pellet, a bead, a particle, a troche, a lozenge, a pastille, a solution, an elixir, a syrup, a tincture, a suspension, an emulsion, a mouthwash, a spray, a drop, an ointment, a cream, a gel, a paste, a transdermal patch, a suppository, a pessary, cream, a gel, a paste, a foam, and combinations thereof for example. Compositions and/or formulations may also include a acceptable additive (e.g. one of a solubilizer, an enzyme inhibiting agent, an anticoagulant, an antifoaming agent, an antioxidant, a coloring agent, a coolant, a cryoprotectant, a hydrogen bonding agent, a flavoring agent, a plasticizer, a preservative, a sweetener, a thickener, and combinations thereof) and/or a acceptable carrier (e.g. one of an excipient, a lubricant, a binder, a disintegrator, a diluent, an extender, a solvent, a suspending agent, a dissolution aid, an isotonization agent, a buffering agent, a soothing agent, an amphipathic lipid delivery system, and combinations thereof).

Implementations of Amino Acid Nitrate and/or Nitrite Compounds may also be synthesized or created in a wide variety of manners, and may be made from a wide variety of materials. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to select appropriate materials and methods to manufacture and use the compounds disclosed herein.

Dosage Forms

Implementations of Amino Acid Compounds and Compositions may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form. Unit dosage formulations may be those containing a daily dose or unit, a daily sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of the administered components as described herein.

A dosage unit may include an Amino Acid Compound or Composition. In addition, a dosage unit may include an Amino Acid Compound or Composition admixed with a pharmaceutically acceptable additive(s), and/or any combination thereof.

The dosage units may be in a form suitable for administration by standard routes. In general, the dosage units may be administered, by non-limiting example, by the topical (including buccal and sublingual), transdermal, oral, rectal, ophthalmic (including intravitreal or intracameral), nasal, vaginal, and/or parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, intradermal, intratracheal, and epidural) routes and many other delivery methods and/or systems known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition may also be administered through use of amphipathic lipid delivery systems (such as liposomes and unilamellar vesicles). Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to select additional pharmaceutically acceptable additives to enable delivery of implementations of a pharmaceutical composition from the disclosure in this document.

For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, oral delivery may be a particularly advantageous delivery route for administration to humans and animals of implementations of a pharmaceutical composition, optionally formulated with appropriate pharmaceutically acceptable additives to facilitate administration.

Manufacture

Implementations of Amino Acid Nitrate and/or Nitrite Compounds or Compositions may be synthesized or created in a wide variety of manners, and may be made from a wide variety of materials. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to select appropriate materials and methods to manufacture and use the compounds and compositions disclosed herein.

Accordingly, although there are a variety of method implementations for producing pharmaceutical compositions, for the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, a method implementation for producing an Amino Acid Compound may comprise: measuring specific quantities of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or any other polar, easily evaporated solvent such as methanol, alcohol, pyridine, and the like mixed in a specific order the measured quantities of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and any additional pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients, and then separating the pharmaceutical composition into discrete quantities for distribution and/or administration.

Measuring specific quantities of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients, may involve any number of steps and implementing components, and measuring specific quantities of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients, may be accomplished readily from this disclosure. For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, measuring specific quantities of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients, may comprise using a scale, a solid or liquid dispensing apparatus, or other measurement device capable of measuring solid mass or liquid volume to produce a desired quantity of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient.

It should be appreciated that any of the components of particular implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition may be used as supplied commercially, or may be preprocessed by, by non-limiting example, any of the methods and techniques of agglomeration, air suspension chilling, air suspension drying, balling, coacervation, comminution, compression, pelletization, cryopelletization, extrusion, granulation, homogenization, inclusion Compoundation, lyophilization, melting, mixed, molding, pan coating, solvent dehydration, sonication, spheronization, spray chilling, spray congealing, spray drying, or other processes known in the art depending in part on the dosage form desired. The various components may also be pre-coated or encapsulated as known in the art. It will also be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art that appropriate additives may also be introduced to the composition or during the processes to facilitate the preparation of the dosage forms, depending on the need of the individual process.

Mixing the measured quantities of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients for Compounds, or mixing the measured quantities of Amino Acid, Nitrate and/or Nitrite sources, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients for Compositions, may involve any number of steps and implementing components, and may be accomplished readily from this disclosure. For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, mixing the measured quantities of Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients, may comprise combining the measured quantities of m Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent, and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients, under the influence of physical, ultrasonic, or electrostatic forces to create a desired degree of intermingling and/or chemical reaction of the Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent and any pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. The mixed may be accomplished when the Amino Acid, Nitric or Nitrous Acid and water or solvent and/or any pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients are in a solid, liquid, or semisolid state.

Separating the Amino Acid Compound or Composition into discrete quantities for distribution may involve any number of steps and implementing components, and separating the Amino Acid Compound or Composition into discrete quantities for distribution may be accomplished readily from this disclosure. For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, separating the Amino Acid Compound or Composition into discrete quantities for distribution may involve utilizing a specific piece of equipment, for example, a conventional tablet forming apparatus to shape the formed composition into individual tablets, each containing a desired dose of Amino Acid Compound or Composition. The separating process may be accomplished when the Amino Acid Compound or Composition is in a solid, liquid, or semisolid state.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to readily select manufacturing equipment and pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients to manufacture implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition. For the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, some examples of pharmaceutically acceptable additives or inert ingredients and manufacturing process are included below, particularly those that relate to manufacture of implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition in tablet form. Notwithstanding the specific examples given, it will be understood that those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate how to manufacture implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition according to the other methods of administration and delivery disclosed in this document.

A particular implementation of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition may include a lubricant. Lubricants are any anti-sticking agents, glidants, flow promoters, and the like materials that perform a number of functions in tablet manufacture, for example, such as improving the rate of flow of the tablet granulation, preventing adhesion of the tablet material to the surface of the dies and punches, reducing interparticle friction, and facilitating the ejection of the tablets from the die cavity. Lubricants may comprise, for example, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, talc, and colloidal silica.

Particular implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition may also include a binder. Binders are any agents used to impart cohesive qualities to powdered material through particle-particle bonding. Binders may include, for example, matrix binders (e.g. dry starch, dry sugars), film binders (e.g. celluloses, bentonite, sucrose), and chemical binders (e.g. polymeric cellulose derivatives, such as methyl cellulose, carboxy methyl cellulose, and hydroxy propyl cellulose); and other sugar, gelatin, non-cellulosic binders and the like.

Disintegrators may be used in particular implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition to facilitate the breakup or disintegration of tablets after administration. Disintegrators may include, for example, starch, starch derivatives, clays (e.g. bentonite), algins, gums (e.g. guar gum), cellulose, cellulose derivatives (e.g. methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose), croscarmellose sodium, croscarmellose cellulose, and other organic and inorganic materials.

Implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition may include diluents, or any inert substances added to increase the bulk of the Amino Acid Compound to make a tablet a practical size for compression. Diluents may include, for example, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, mannitol, magnesium stearate, potassium chloride, and citric acid, among other organic and inorganic materials.

Buffering agents may be included in an Amino Acid Compound or Composition and may be any one of an acid and a base, where the acid is, for example, propionic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, succinic acid, tannic acid, tartaric acid, thioglycolic acid, or toluenesulfonic acid, and the base is, for example, ammonium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, sodium hydrogen carbonate, aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and other organic and inorganic chemicals.

Implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition may also be administered through use of amphipathic lipid delivery systems (such as liposomes and unilamellar vesicles), caplet systems, oral liquid systems, parenteral and/or intravenous systems, topical systems (creams, gels, transdermal patches, etc.), intranasal systems, rectal or vaginal systems, and many other delivery methods and/or systems known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily be able to select additional pharmaceutically acceptable additives to enable delivery of implementations of a pharmaceutical composition from the disclosure in this document.

With respect to delivery of particular implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition, for the exemplary purposes of this disclosure, tablets may be utilized. Tablets are any solid pharmaceutical dosage form containing a pharmaceutically acceptable active agent or agents to be administered with or without suitable pharmaceutically acceptable additives and prepared either by compression or molding methods well known in the art. Tablets have been in widespread use and remain popular as a dosage form because of the advantages afforded both to the manufacturer (e.g., simplicity and economy of preparation, stability, and convenience in packaging, shipping, and dispensing) and the patient (e.g., accuracy of dosage, compactness, portability, blandness of taste, and ease of administration). Although tablets are most frequently discoid in shape, they may also be round, oval, oblong, cylindrical, rectangular or triangular, for example. The tablets may be optionally scored so that they may be separated into different dosages. They may differ greatly in size and weight depending on the amount of the pharmaceutically acceptable active agent or agents present and the intended route of administration. They are divided into two general classes, (1) compressed tablets, and (2) molded tablets.

Tablets and other orally discrete dosage forms, such as capsules, cachets, pills, granules, pellets, beads, and particles, for example, may optionally be coated with one or more enteric coatings, seal coatings, film coatings, barrier coatings, compress coatings, fast disintegrating coatings, or enzyme degradable coatings for example. Multiple coatings may be applied for desired performance. Further, dosage forms may be designed for, by non-limiting example, immediate release, pulsatile release, controlled release, extended release, delayed release, targeted release, synchronized release, or targeted delayed release. For release/absorption control, carriers may be made of various component types and levels or thicknesses of coats. Such diverse carriers may be blended in a dosage form to achieve a desired performance. In addition, the dosage form release profile may be affected by a polymeric matrix composition, a coated matrix composition, a multi-particulate composition, a coated multi-particulate composition, an ion-exchange resin-based composition, an osmosis-based composition, or a biodegradable polymeric composition.

While manufacture of implementations of an Amino Acid Compound and Composition have been described in particular sequences of steps and/or in particular forms, it will be understood that such manufacture is not limited to the specific order of steps or forms as disclosed. Any steps or sequences of steps of manufacture of implementations of an Amino Acid Compound and Composition in any form are given as examples of possible steps or sequences of steps or potential forms and not as limitations, since many possible manufacturing processes and sequences of steps may be used to manufacture Amino Acid Compound and Composition implementations in a wide variety of forms.

Use

Implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition are particularly useful in increasing bioabsorption, vasodilation, and blood flow in humans and animals. However, implementations are not limited to uses relating to bioabsorption, vasodilation, or blood flow modification, and the like. Rather, any description relating to the foregoing is for the exemplary purposes of this disclosure. It will be understood that implementations of an Amino Acid Compound or Composition may encompass a variety of uses and are not limited in their uses. For example, possible uses may be, by non-limiting example, prevention of Nitrate tolerance, enhanced water solubility, increased distribution to muscles, improved athletic performance, faster action than single-administration, and/or countering Nitric Oxide inhibiting effects of certain Amino Acids.

In conventional preparations of Nitrate compounds, “tolerance,” a particular side effect, has been observed in many patients. This is unfortunate because the effectiveness of Nitrate on vasodilation is well documented. “Tolerance” occurs when a subject's reaction to Nitrate decreases so that larger doses are required to achieve the same effect. A Mar. 3, 2000 report in the British Journal of Pharmacology indicates that “tolerance to the dilator effects of nitrates remains a persisting therapeutic problem.” Raymond J. MacAllister “Arginine and Nitrate Tolerance” available at http://www.nature.com/bjp/journal/v130/n2/full/0703340a.html, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

Empirical studies indicate that Nitrates are useful for their vasodilating effects. Common Nitrates include nitroglycerin and isosorbide dinitrate. Nitrates exert their vasodilating effect through their reduction to Nitrites. In vivo, Nitrates are reduced to Nitrites and, in the blood vessels' epithelial cells, Nitrite reacts with a thiol donor (mainly glutathione) to yield Nitric Oxide. Louis J. Ignarro, “After 130 years, the Molecular Mechanism of Action of Nitroglycerin is Revealed” (Jun. 11, 2002) available at http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/99/12/7816?ck=nck, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

The Nitric Oxide inhibiting characteristics of the Amino Acid Glutamine have been well documented in a number of studies. In particular, a Mar. 28, 2006 report in the American Journal of Physiology has found that Glutamine inhibits Nitric Oxide production by downregulation of eNOS synthase. Masao Kakoki, et al. “Amino acids as Modulators of Endothelium-Derived Nitric Oxide.” available at http://ajprenal.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/291/2/F297, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

A January 2006 Journal of Nutrition report indicates that the Amino Acid Leucine promotes anabolism and stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Michael J. Rennie, et al. “Branched-Chain Amino Acids as Fuels and Anabolic Signals in Human Muscle” available at http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/1/264S, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Empirical studies indicate that the Amino Acid Norvaline inhibits the enzyme arginase and thus decreases the rate of conversion of the Amino Acid Arginine to urea. Takeyori Saheki, et al. “Regulation of Urea Synthesis in Rat Liver” available at http://jb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/86/3/745?ijkey=5d134456b7443ca36c80926946 2276e532549798&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

An October 2004 Journal of Nutrition report indicates that the Amino Acid Ornithine promotes anabolism and stimulates muscle protein synthesis. Michael J. Rennie, et al. “Branched-Chain Amino Acids as Fuels and Anabolic Signals in Human Muscle” available at http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/136/1/264S, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Empirical studies indicate that the Amino Acids Beta-Beta Alanine and Histidine support carnosine production. M. Dunnett, “Influence of Oral Beta-Beta Alanine and L-Histidine Supplementation on the Carnosine Content of the Gluteus Medius” Equine Veterinary Journal Supplement, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=10659307&ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Empirical studies further indicate that the Amino Acids Beta Alanine and Histidine increase muscle power, recuperation and stamina. Yoshihiro Suzuki “High Level of Skeletal Muscle Carnosine Contributes to the Latter Half of Exercise Performance During 30-S Maximal Cycle Ergometer Sprinting” in the Japanese Journal of Physiology, available at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=pubmed&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=12139778 &ordinalpos=4&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Pubmed.Pubmed_ResultsPanel.Pubmed_RVDocSum, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Arginine compound according to the first implementation, when ingested, provides enhanced Nitric Oxide (NO) production while providing improved vasodilation effects over single administration of Arginine, the single administration of Nitrates, or the single administration of Nitrites. Improved vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Arginine in the body. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Applicants have also discovered that the vasodilating effect of Arginine Nitrate manifests faster than that of single-administration Arginine, and as fast as any nitrate, since the NO₃— group of the salt requires minimal conversion to yield Nitric Oxide. Additionally a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of Arginine. Likewise, the development of tolerance to the nitrate component of the molecule may be prevented with the presence of Arginine. Arginine Nitrate may promote vasodilation through production of Nitric Oxide by two different pathways, the Arginine citrullization pathway and the nitrate reduction pathway. Arginine Nitrate may likewise be more water-soluble than single administration Arginine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Citrulline compound according to the second implementation, when ingested, provides enhanced Nitric Oxide (NO—) production while providing improved vasodilation effects over single administration of Citrulline, the single administration of Nitrates, or the single administration of Nitrites. Improved vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Citrulline in the body. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Additionally a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of Citrulline or nitrates. Citrulline Nitrate is likewise more water-soluble than single administration Citrulline.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Creatine compound according to the third implementation, when ingested, provides enhanced Nitric Oxide (NO⁻) production while providing improved vasodilation effects over single administration of Creatine, the single administration of Nitrates, or the single administration of Nitrites. Improved vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Creatine in the body. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Additionally a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of nitrates. Creatine Nitrate is likewise more water-soluble than single administration Creatine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Glutamine compound according to the fourth implementation, when ingested, counters the Nitric Oxide (NO) inhibiting characteristics of Glutamine. Absorption of Glutamine may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Additionally a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of nitrates. Glutamine Nitrate may likewise be more water-soluble than single administration Glutamine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Leucine compound according to the fifth implementation, when ingested, provides enhanced Nitric Oxide (NO⁻) production while providing improved vasodilation effects over single administration of Leucine, the single administration of Nitrates, or the single administration of Nitrites. Improved vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Leucine in the body. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Additionally a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of nitrates. Leucine Nitrate is likewise more water-soluble than single administration Leucine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Norvaline compound according to the sixth implementation, when ingested, promotes vasodilation through the inhibition of arginase, while promoting Nitric Oxide formation via the nitrate mechanism. Improved vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Norvaline in the body. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Additionally a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of nitrates. Norvaline Nitrate may likewise be more water-soluble than single administration Norvaline.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Ornithine compound according to the seventh implementation, when ingested, provides an additional vasodilation mechanism, reducing the amount of Ornithine needed and the amount of time needed for the vasodilating properties to manifest. Improved vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Ornithine in the body. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Applicants have also discovered that Ornithine Nitrate begins acting as fast as any other nitrate, since the NO₃ ⁻ group of the salt requires minimal conversion to yield Nitric Oxide. Additionally, a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of nitrates. Ornithine Nitrate may likewise be more water-soluble than single administration Ornithine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Histidine compound according to the eighth implementation, when ingested, provides a vasodilation mechanism. Vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Histidine in the body. Applicants have likewise discovered that the Histidine compound according to the ninth implementation, when ingested, promotes carnosine production, thus increasing muscle power, endurance and recuperation. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Applicants have also discovered that Histidine Nitrate begins acting as fast as any other nitrate, since the NO₃— group of the salt requires minimal conversion to yield Nitric Oxide. Additionally, a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of nitrates. Histidine Nitrate may likewise be more water-soluble than single administration Histidine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Beta Alanine compound according to the ninth implementation, when ingested, provides vasodilation. Vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Beta Alanine in the body. Applicants have likewise discovered that the Beta Alanine compound according to the tenth implementation, when ingested, promotes carnosine production, thus increasing muscle power, endurance and recuperation. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Applicants have also discovered that Beta Alanine Nitrate begins acting as fast as any other nitrate, since the NO₃ ⁻ group of the salt requires minimal conversion to yield Nitric Oxide. Additionally, a much lesser dose may be required for vasodilation to take place, compared to the single administration of nitrates. Beta Alanine Nitrate may likewise be more water-soluble than single administration Beta Alanine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Agmatine compound according to the eighth implementation, when ingested, counteracts the Nitric Oxide inhibiting effect of single administration Agmatine. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid salts with inorganic acids are much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acids. Applicants have also discovered that Agmatine Nitrate begins acting as fast as any other nitrate, since the NO₃ ⁻ group of the salt requires minimal conversion to yield Nitric Oxide. Agmatine Nitrate may likewise be more water-soluble than single administration Agmatine.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that not only do the foregoing amino acid nitrate or nitrite compounds provide the effects discussed above, but that Amino Acid Compositions (amino acids mixed with independent sources of nitrates and/or nitrites) enhance bioavailability, absorption, vasodilation, water solubility, distribution to muscles, and the like of certain Amino Acids, as well as prevent Nitrate tolerance and counter Nitric Oxide inhibiting effects of certain Amino Acids.

As demonstrated by Anjali Pradhan and Juan Vera, “Effect of Anions on the Solubility of Zwitterionic Amino Acids”, Journal of Chemical and Engineering data, Vol 45, 140-143 (2000) (which is hereby incorporated herein by reference), the co-existence of the nitrate ion can enhance the solubility of various amino acids by 300-400%. Although the change in solubility is significantly lower than that of the case of a salt with a nitrate, it is enough to make a difference in absorption in-vivo.

Furthermore, the nitrate ion enhances absorption of compounds by the intestine. Nitrates increase bioavailability by: increasing intestinal absorption of nutrients; and increasing vasodilation and blood flow and blood is the carrier of the nutrients to cells. See for example, the following references, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference: Takahashi K et al. “Characterization of the influence of nitric oxide donors on intestinal absorption of macromolecules.” Int J Pharm 2004; 286:89-97; Fetih G et al. “Nitric oxide donors can enhance the intestinal transport and absorption of insulin and [Asu(1,7)]-eel calcitonin in rats.” J Control Release 2005; 106:287-97; Fetih G et al. “Excellent absorption enhancing characteristics of NO donors for improving the intestinal absorption of poorly absorbable compound compared with conventional absorption enhancers.” Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2006; 21:222-9; and Mitchell, G. E., Little, C. O., Jr. & Greathouse, T. R. (1964). “Influence of nitrate and nitrite, on carotene disappearance from the rat intestine.” Life Sci. 4, 385.

Also, the nitrate ion can cause vasodilatation after reduction to nitrite and then nitric oxide, improve blood circulation, to the muscles and thus distribution of these compounds to the muscle, as well as oxygen distribution to the muscles. Muscle oxygen is needed to provide energy, which is needed for all muscle anabolic actions to take place as well as for the active transport of above nutrients via the cell membrane. See the following references, which are hereby incorporated herein by reference-Bailey, Stephen G. et al., “Dietary nitrate supplementation reduces the 02 cost of low-intensity exercise and enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans”, Press. J Appl Physiol (Aug. 6, 2009) and Bailey, Stephen G. et al., “Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances muscle contractile efficiency during knee-extensor exercise in humans”, J Appl Physiol 109:135-148, 2010).

In these same references it is also very well described nitrate's positive effect on athletic endurance and muscle strength. Oxygen is needed by the body to produce energy, which by itself is needed for all the metabolic processes in the body, including those that Compositions of the present disclosure are involved in. Thus co-administration of nitrate ion with Compositions of the present disclosure furthermore increases their distribution to the muscle and their effectiveness.

Therefore, not only does the binding of nitrate salt with Compounds improve their bioavailability, absorption and effectiveness, but also the co-administration of nitrate through another nitrate salt, acid or a natural source of nitrate in a Composition of the present disclosure shall have similar effects, albeit lower than in the case of nitrate bonded with the molecule.

Via all the above mechanisms, concomitant nitrate or nitrite administration in a composition with an amino acid can substantially increase the concentration of an amino acid in the target muscles (e.g., Neuron cells for the cognitive enhancement properties of phenylalanine, carnitine, glycine, and tyrosine, and Muscle cells for the performance enhancing properties of Agmatine Arginine, Beta Alanine, Citrulline, Creatine, Glutamine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Norvaline, Ornithine and Taurine). In the case of Creatine, this is further enhanced by the nitrate's ability to preserve muscle Creatine loads.

Therefore, concomitant nitrate or nitrite administration in a composition with an amino acid (just as with amino acid nitrate or nitrite compounds discussed previously) can improve mental focus, cognitive function, athletic and muscle performance, endurance, and strength, and produces much greater synergistic results than the use of only an amino acid alone or a nitrate and a nitrite alone.

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials, similar or equivalent to those described herein, can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, the preferred methods and materials are described herein. All publications, patents, and patent publications cited are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety for all purposes.

The publications discussed herein are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.

It is understood that the disclosed invention is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols and materials described as these can vary. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purposes of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which will be limited only by the appended claims.

Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims.

Accordingly, Applicants have discovered that the Carnitine compound according to an implementation, when ingested, provides enhanced Nitric Oxide (NO) production while providing improved vasodilation effects over single administration of Carnitine, the single administration of Nitrates, or the single administration of Nitrites. Improved vasodilation may, in turn, provide better circulation and distribution of Carnitine in the body. Absorption may be improved since Amino Acid derivative salts with inorganic acids may be much more water-soluble than single administration Amino Acid derivatives. Applicants have also discovered that the vasodilating effect of Carnitine Nitrate and Taurine Nitrate manifests as fast as any nitrate, since the NO₃ ⁻ group of the salt requires minimal conversion to yield Nitric Oxide. Likewise, the development of tolerance to the nitrate component of the molecule may be prevented with the presence of Carnitine and/or Taurine.

Enhancing a molecule's solubility can enhance its bioavailability, rate of absorption by the GI tract, and as a result, it's concentration in the muscle tissue and it's effectiveness. As we have established, the nitrate salts of Creatine and other molecules are exceptionally more soluble that their counterparts. Recent studies on Creatine nitrate show 1100% improved solubility over Creatine monohydrate.

Study 1

Intrinsic Dissolution Profiles of Creatine Nitrate, Creatine Monohydrate and Buffered Creatine

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the dissolution characteristics of three different forms of commercially available Creatine including Creatine nitrate (CN), Creatine monohydrate (CM) and buffered Creatine (BC) under different temperature and pH. Methods: Intrinsic dissolution studies were carried out at 37° C. and room temperature in pH 2.5 and 7.4 buffer using modified Wood's apparatus. CN, CM and BC samples (˜0.5 g) were compressed in the dies with constant surface area of 1.21 cm2 using a Carver press at 2000 psi with a dwell time of 10 sec. These dies were placed in the USP dissolution apparatus (type II) containing 140 ml of dissolution media, with paddle speed of 50 rpm. Dissolution medium were collected at definite time intervals over a period of 3 hours for CN and 7 hours for both CM and BC and analyzed for Creatine using a validated HPLC method. Results: A plot of the amount of Creatine dissolved (mg)/surface area (cm2) versus time gives the slope (k′) which is directly proportional to the dissolution rate constant. The k′ (mg/cm2 hr) values for CN, CM and BC in pH 2.5 buffer at room temperature were 293.0±3.48, 59.1±2.06 and 71.1±0.59. At 37° C. these k′ (mg/cm2 hr) values were 327.3±2.66, 97.9±0.88 and 117.9±1.12, respectively. In pH 7.4 buffer, the k′ (mg/cm2 hr) values for CN, CM and BC were 278.9±14.6, 52.1±0.22 and 50.6±0.95 at room temperature and 319.5±14.3, 86.0±5.05 and 96.9±9.28 at 37° C., respectively. Conclusions: The dissolution rates of all three Creatine forms were higher at 37° C. as compared to at room temperature. CM and BC showed a higher dissolution rate at pH 2.5 than that at pH 7.4, irrespective of temperature. However, the dissolution rate of CN was not affected by the pH of the dissolution media. Comparison of the dissolution profiles for these three Creatine forms clearly indicated that CN has the higher intrinsic dissolution rate constant as compared to CM and BC irrespective of temperature and pH of the dissolution media. Results of this study further predict a better bioavailability of CN as compared to CM and BC.

Study 2

Chemical Stability of Creatine Nitrate, Creatine Monohydrate and Buffered Creatine in Solution

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the chemical stability of Creatine nitrate (CN), Creatine monohydrate (CM) and buffered Creatine (BC) under two different storage conditions (37° C. in pH 2.5 buffer and 40° C. in pH 6.8 buffer). Methods: A known concentration (˜10 mg/ml) of CN, CM and BC were prepared in both pH 2.5 and pH 6.8 buffer and stored in stability chambers in screw-capped bottles at 37° C. and 40° C., respectively. Samples were collected at predetermined time points and analyzed for Creatine and degradation products if any, using a validated HPLC method. Changes in the pH, clarity and color of the samples were also determined. The order of degradation and rate constant were determined by graphical method. Results: The degradation rate constants (k) for CN, CM and BC at 37° C. in pH 2.5 buffer were 0.075±0.001, 0.119±0.011 and 0.108±0.002 (day-1) while that at 40° C. in pH 6.8 buffer were 0.115±0.001, 0.015±0.001 and 0.013±0.002 (day-1), respectively. The pH of CN samples at 40° C. in pH 6.8 buffer changed from 2.83±0.01 to 4.31±0.01 within a period of 12 days. The pH changes noticed at 37° C. in pH 2.5 buffer samples over the same period of time for CM, and BC were 3.08±0.01 to 4.12±0.01 and 3.11±0.01 and 4.16±0.01, respectively. No significant change in pH was observed for the rest of the samples. No change in the color and the clarity was noticed over 12 days. Conclusions: All the Creatine samples followed first order degradation kinetics under both these experimental conditions. The k value for CN was found to be higher at 40° C. in pH 6.8 buffer as compared to at 37° C. in pH 2.5 buffer. However, both CM and BC showed a faster rate of degradation at 37° C. in pH 2.5 buffer than at 40° C. in pH 6.8 buffer. The major degradation product detected was Creatinine. For CN the increase in pH was higher at 40° C. in pH 6.8 buffer as compared to 37° C. in pH 2.5 buffer. However, opposite effect was noticed for both CM and BC.

Study 3

Equilibrium Solubility Studies of Creatine Nitrate, Creatine Monohydrate and Buffered Creatine

Ambrish Panditl, Pinal Mistryl, Pat Dib2, Alexander Nikolaidis3 Alekha K. Dash1

Department of Pharmacy Sciences, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebr. 68178. Department of Physiological Science UCLA. Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki.

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the equilibrium solubility of Creatine nitrate (CN), Creatine monohydrate (CM) and buffered Creatine (BC) in water at room temperature as well as in pH 2.5 buffer at room temperature and 37° C. Methods: Excess amount of sample was added to the appropriate solvent and temperature was maintained and agitated at 150 rpm. The supernatant was collected after centrifugation at 24, 48, 72 hours till equilibration and analyzed by a HPLC method. Equilibration was confirmed when the solubility values of two consecutive time points were identical. The pH of the solution was monitored and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms of the solid samples before solubility and of the lyophilized sample after solubility studies were compared. Results: The equilibrium solubility of CN, CM and BC in water at room temperature was reached in 44 hours, and was 210.3±4.82 mg/ml, 19.1±0.40 mg/ml and 19.2±0.55 mg/ml, respectively. However, solubility for CN, CM and BC in pH 2.5 buffer at room temperature was 208.2±6.01 mg/ml, 23.8±0.33 mg/ml and 21.2±0.09 mg/ml and achieved within 72 hours for CN and in 48 hours for CM and BC samples, respectively. At 37° C. and in pH 2.5 buffer, the equilibrium solubility was reached within 24 hours for all samples and was 325.9±6.10, 31.5±0.71 and 32.6±0.67 for CN, CM, and BC. The pH of solutions of CN, CM and BC in water at room temperature was 0.44±0.04, 8.24±0.14 and 10.03±0.02 respectively. However, these values in pH 2.5 buffer at room temperature were 1.31±0.02, 3.44±0.02 and 3.68±0.01 and at 37° C. this was 1.13±0.07, 3.86±0.47 and 4.42±0.05, respectively. DSC thermograms of the original samples and lyophilized samples were identical. Conclusions: The solubility of Creatine nitrate was around 10 fold higher than that of CM or BC under these experimental conditions studied, where as no significant difference in the solubility of CM and BC were noticed. There was an increase in solubility of each of the Creatine forms in pH 2.5 at a higher temperature. DSC analysis confirmed that no phase change was noticed during these solubility studies.

The effectiveness of Creatine for increasing athletic performance and improving body composition and muscle anabolism and performance is very well established. Such is also the case for BCAAs (leucine, isoleucine, and valine), Taurine and Carnitine. It is also well established that for these molecules to have these effects, like all drugs, they must reach the site of action, i.e. the muscle.

Creatine Nitrate & the Athlete

Creatine Nitrate excels beyond its superior solubility, stability, and dissolution. That's because Creatine Nitrate overcomes two primary drawbacks of Creatine monohydrate. First, Creatine monohydrate results in extreme intra and extracellular water and sodium retention. The intracellular water retention is favorable. Cosmetically speaking however, the extracellular water retention is an unfavorable effect, as an athlete's muscles develop a smooth, soft, and bloated appearance. Second and most importantly, the extreme extracellular water retention may restrict muscle growth. Functionally speaking, the extracellular water retention may push back against muscle cells that are attempting to expand in size.

Creatine Nitrate expels excess extracellular water and sodium retention, while simultaneously hydrating and supersaturating muscle cells with Creatine. This offers a HUGE benefit to athletes, encouraging muscle cells to expand in size without resistance from extracellular fluid. In addition, athletes using Creatine Nitrate may achieve a leaner, drier, and harder look to their muscle tissue; a stark contrast to the puffy and bloated look created by Creatine monohydrate. Creatine Nitrate however is more than “Creatine Nitrate,” as the nitrate component offers tremendous functional advantages to athletes.

Nitrates provide substantial benefits to athletes and bodybuilders, as supported by clinical research. Nitrates are organic anions naturally occurring in the human diet, with close to 80% of dietary nitrates found in vegetables. Fruits and processed meats represent additional sources of nitrates in the human diet. In fact, researchers at Michigan State University have suggested nitrates may be nutritious (13). So what benefit does supplementation with nitrates offer to athletes?

Today, nitric oxide and pre-workout nitric oxide performance enhancing formulas have grown in popularity. Nitric oxide formulas are used to increase muscular “pumps,” vasodilation, and nutrient transport to the muscle to assist in greater aerobic performance and recovery. However, most formulas utilize the amino acid L-arginine, a precursor to nitric oxide, as their base. Recently, L-arginine has been proven to be ineffective for elevating nitric oxide levels. L-arginine has also been proven ineffective at enhancing athletic performance (9,10,11). Yet L-arginine is present in nearly every single nitric oxide formula on the market. Contrary to popular belief, most of the “pump” feeling experienced by trainees is derived from an insulin increase following L-arginine supplementation (1).

As recent clinical research confirms, the reduction of inorganic nitrate (NO₃ ⁻) and nitrite (NO₂ ⁻) in vivo results in nitric oxide production. Not only does nitrate generate nitric oxide, nitrate and nitrite are also inert end-products of nitric oxide oxidation. That is, nitrate converts into nitric oxide, and once oxidized, nitric oxide is recycled back into nitrate, which then has the potential to convert into nitric oxide once again. And the cycle continues to repeat itself. This creates an exciting alternative to nitric oxide production, and carries profound implications for the bodybuilding community.

A critical problem with nitric oxide is the short lifespan it has in the body. In just a few seconds, the nitric oxide molecule can be metabolized, and the athlete loses any benefit he/she may have received. A pump however must be sustained for several minutes, if not hours, in order to result in those biochemical conditions required to stimulate muscle hypertrophy. And nitrates are capable of elevating nitric oxide production for up to 8 hours.

Thus the use of nitrates represents an important alternative to the classical L-arginine-NO-synthase pathway (2) so commonly attempted in various sports supplement formulations.

The efficacy of nitrates in athletic performance is overwhelming in the clinical research. Nitrate consumption significantly enhances nitric oxide production, resulting in vasodilation, improved nutrient absorption, increased athletic performance (3), and improved energetic function in working muscles during exercise (12). For example, during low and moderate intensity exercise by humans, supplementation with nitrates has been reported to reduce the amount of oxygen required. During high intensity athletic exercise, nitrate supplementation enhances tolerance to high intensity training, effectively extending the “time to exhaustion” (4).

Organic nitrates also function as permeation enhancers. This is beneficial because enhanced permeation increases intestinal absorption of all nutrients coingested. This may allow for a superior quantity of anabolic nutrients to be absorbed and taken up into muscle cells, assisting athletes with the growth and repair of muscle tissue. Nitrates are even able to allow absorption of large macromolecules such as insulin (5,6,7).

For decades, the pharmaceutical industry has used nitrates to induce direct and rapid vasodilation. And today, clinical research is proving that nitrates may produce beneficial effects on blood pressure and cardiovascular health (8). In fact, a recent clinical study investigated the effects of 5 times the amount of nitrates (1,316 mg per day for a 70 kg adult) currently recommended by the World Health Organization (259 mg per day for a 70 kg adult) and showed no adverse health or safety effects. The study results revealed an average reduction in diastolic blood pressure by 4.5 mmHg. Effects on systolic blood pressure were not observed (14,15).

Nitrates themselves offer many benefits to athletes. Combined with the clinical research behind Creatine supporting Creatine's positive benefits to athletes, Creatine Nitrate is the first Creatine to solve to the solubility, stability, and dissolution challenges while simultaneously providing up to 8 hours of powerful vasodilation that workout enthusiasts demand!

REFERENCES

The following references are hereby incorporated herein by reference.

-   1. Glucose—and arginine-induced insulin secretion by human     pancreatic B-cells: the role of HERG K+channels in firing and     release -   2. Does NO metabolism play a role in the effects of vegetables in     health? Nitric oxide formation via the reduction of nitrites and     nitrates. Dina Ralt*Gertner Institute for Epidemiology and Health     Policy Research, Tel Hashomer, Israel -   3. Larsen F J, Weitzberg E, Lundberg J O, Ekblom B. Effects of     dietary nitrate on oxygen cost during exercise. Acta Physiol (Oxf).     2007 September; 191(1):59-66. Epub 2007 Jul. 17. -   4. Stephen J. Bailey, 1 Paul Winyard, 2 Anni Vanhatalo, 1 Jamie R.     Blackwell, 1 Fred J. DiMenna, 1 Daryl P. Wilkerson, 1 Joanna Tarr, 2     Nigel Benjamin, 2 and Andrew M. Jones1. Dietary nitrate     supplementation reduces the 02 cost of low-intensity exercise and     enhances tolerance to high-intensity exercise in humans. 1School of     Sport and Health Sciences and; 2Peninsula College of Medicine and     Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom -   5. Fetih G, Habib F, Katsumi H, Okada N, Fujita T, Attia M,     Yamamoto A. Excellent absorption enhancing characteristics of NO     donors for improving the intestinal absorption of poorly absorbable     compound compared with conventional absorption enhancers. -   6. Koichi Takahashia,*, Nanako Numataa, Natsumi Kinoshitaa, Naoki     Utoguchib, Tadanori Mayumic, Nobuyasu Mizunoa. Characterization of     the influence of nitric oxide donors on intestinal absorption of     macromolecules. International Journal of Pharmaceutics 286 (2004)     89-97 -   7. Fetih G, Habib F, Okada N, Fujita T, Attia M, Yamamoto A. Nitric     oxide donors can enhance the intestinal transport and absorption of     insulin and [Asu(1,7)]-eel calcitonin in rats. -   8. Supatra Porasuphatanaa, Pei Tsaib, Gerald M. Rosenb. The     generation of free radicals by nitric oxide synthase. Comparative     Biochemistry and Physiology Part C 134 (2003) 281-289     1532-0456/03/$—see front matter_2002 Elsevier Science Inc. All     rights reserved. PII: 51532-0456Ž02.00271-5 Review. -   9. Olek R A et al. A single oral intake of arginine does not affect     performance during repeated Wingate anaerobic test. J Sports Med     Phys Fitness. 2010 March; 50(1):52-6. -   10. Liu T H, Wu C L, Chiang C W, Lo Y W, Tseng H F, Chang C K. No     effect of short-term arginine supplementation on nitric oxide     production, metabolism and performance in intermittent exercise in     athletes. J Nutr Biochem. 2008 Aug. 15. [Epub ahead of print] -   11. Bescós R, Gonzalez-Haro C, Pujol P, Drobnic F, Alonso E,     Santolaria M L, Ruiz O, Esteve M, Galilea P. Effects of dietary     L-arginine intake on cardiorespiratory and metabolic adaptation in     athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2009 August; 19(4):355-65. -   12. Larsen F J, Weitzberg E, Lundberg J O, Ekblom B. Dietary nitrate     reduces maximal oxygen consumption while maintaining work     performance in maximal exercise. Free Radic Biol Med. 2010 Jan. 15;     48(2):342-7. Epub 2009 Nov. 12. -   13. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition,     doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.27131 -   14. Tanja Sobko, Claude Marcus, Mirco Govoni, Shigeru Kamiya.     “Dietary nitrate in Japanese traditional foods lowers diastolic     blood pressure in healthy volunteers.” Nitric Oxide Volume 22, Issue     2, Pages 136-140 -   15.     http://www.foodnavigator.com/Product-Categories/Preservativesand-acidulants/Dietary-nitrates-maybe-beneficial-for-heart-health-Study/?utm_source=Newsletter_Product&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Newsletter     %2BProduct 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of safely administering to a subject a nitrate with a reduced side effect, the method comprising: combining a quantity of an inorganic nitrate with a quantity of an amino acid compound to produce a composition or a dietary supplement comprising an amino acid nitrate salt, wherein the combining of the inorganic nitrate salt with the amino acid compound reduces the side effect or toxicity of the inorganic nitrate; and orally administering to the subject the composition or dietary supplement, wherein the subject has reduced side effect or toxicity from the inorganic nitrate and the quantity of the amino acid compound is at least the quantity of the inorganic nitrate, wherein the side effect is selected from the group consisting of nausea, gastric distress, gastric ulcer, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and methemoglobinemia, and the amino acid compound is selected from the group consisting of agmatine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, beta alanine, betaine, carnitine, citrulline, creatine, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, norvaline, phenylalanine, ornithine, proline, taurine, tyrosine, and valine.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is selected from the group consisting of arginine, beta alanine, citrulline, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and valine.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantity of the amino acid compound is about the same as the quantity of the inorganic nitrate.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the quantity of the amino acid compound is greater than the quantity of the inorganic nitrate.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the amino acid compound is selected from the group consisting of isoleucine, leucine, methionine, norvaline, phenylalanine, ornithine, proline, taurine, tyrosine, and valine.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, and lysine, the percentage of the amino acid compound in the composition is at least 15% (mole percent).
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the amino acid compound is selected from the group consisting of arginine, histidine, and lysine, the percentage of the amino acid compound in the composition is at least 25% (mole percent).
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the molar ratio of the quantity of the amino acid compound and the quantity of the inorganic nitrate is about 1:2.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is selected from the group consisting of agmatine, asparagine, aspartic acid, beta alanine, betaine, carnitine, citrulline, creatine, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, norvaline, phenylalanine, ornithine, proline, taurine, tyrosine, and valine, the percentage of the amino acid compound in the composition is at least 30% (mole percent).
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is selected from the group consisting of agmatine, asparagine, aspartic acid, beta alanine, betaine, carnitine, citrulline, creatine, cysteine, glutamine, glutamic acid, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, norvaline, phenylalanine, ornithine, proline, taurine, tyrosine, and valine, the percentage of the amino acid compound in the composition is at least 50% (mole percent).
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition or dietary supplement is in a dosage form selected from the group consisting of a capsule, a cachet, a pill, a tablet, a powder, a granule, a pellet, a bead, a particle, a troche, a lozenge, a gel, a liquid, a suspension, a solution, an elixir, and a syrup.
 12. The method of claim 1, further comprising combining a quantity of ascorbic acid to the composition or dietary supplement comprising a quantity of the inorganic nitrate and a quantity of the amino acid compound.
 13. The method of claim 12, where in the quantity of ascorbic acid is 30-500 mg.
 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition or dietary supplement provides an effective dose of about 50 mg of the inorganic nitrate to about 10,000 mg of the inorganic nitrate.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the composition or dietary supplement does not cause nausea, gastric distress, gastric ulcer, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and methemoglobinemia at the effective dose.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid nitrate salt is administered to the subject in an effective amount to ameliorate tolerance to dilator effects of nitrates, to increase bioabsorption of amino acids, to increase the vasodilative characteristics of amino acids, or to increase athletic performance and conditioning.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is agmatine.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is arginine.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is asparagine.
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is aspartic acid.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is beta alanine.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is betaine.
 23. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is carnitine.
 24. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is citrulline.
 25. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is creatine.
 26. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is cysteine.
 27. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is glutamine.
 28. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is glutamic acid.
 29. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is glycine.
 30. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is histidine.
 31. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is isoleucine.
 32. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is leucine.
 33. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is lysine.
 34. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is methionine.
 35. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is norvaline.
 36. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is phenylalanine.
 37. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is ornithine.
 38. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is proline.
 39. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is taurine.
 40. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is tyrosine.
 41. The method of claim 1, wherein the amino acid compound is valine. 